The first time China faced Donald Trump in the White House, there was a trade war, a breach of protocol involving Taiwan’s former leader, and a president-to-president bromance that turned sour.
As the president-elect prepares to start his second term in office, China is bracing for unpredictability in its ties with the US and renewed tensions over trade, technology and Taiwan.
– A new tariff war looms
Perhaps the biggest consequence for China — if Mr Trump stays true to his campaign promises — is his threat to slap blanket 60% tariffs on all Chinese exports to the US.
Tariffs like that would be a blow to China’s already unstable economy, which is suffering from high youth unemployment, a lengthy property slump and government debt.
A 60% duty on Chinese imports could shave off 2.5 percentage points, or about half, of China’s projected economic growth, according to an analysis published earlier this year by UBS.
Chinese men hand out national flags during national day holidays near a Huawei pop up store in Beijing (Ng Han Guan/AP)
During Trump’s previous term in office, the US imposed tariffs on more than 360 billion dollars of Chinese products.
That brought Beijing to the negotiating table, and in 2020 the two sides signed a trade deal in which China committed to improve intellectual property rights and buy an extra $200 billion of American goods. A research group a couple of years later showed China had bought essentially none of the goods it had promised.
President Joe Biden retained most of those tariffs and added fresh duties this year on imports including steel, solar cells and electric vehicles.
Like last time, tariffs could serve as a tool to force Beijing back to the negotiating table, said Henry Gao, a law professor at Singapore Management University who focuses on international trade.
“Given the weak economic position of China this time, I think there will be more willingness to talk,” he said.
“Thus, while the tariff might have some short-term effects on the Chinese economy, the situation might improve once they reach a deal.”
Factoring into the trade talks could be Mr Trump’s appeals to Chinese President Xi Jinping to help negotiate a resolution to the Ukraine war, which Mr Trump has boasted he will be able to do quickly, without saying how.
Mr Trump previously sought Mr Xi’s help in dealing with North Korea’s rogue leader Kim Jong Un.
Chinese state media news broadcast reports on the result of the US presidential election in Beijing (Ng Han Guan/AP)
That dynamic could repeat itself, with Mr Trump weighing trade grievances against seeking China’s support in global crises, according to Wang Huiyao, founder of the Beijing-based think tank Centre for China and Globalisation.
“China is the largest trading partner of both Russia and Ukraine,” Mr Wang wrote in a recent commentary. “These close economic ties give China a unique opportunity to play a greater role in peace-making efforts.”
– Willing to go ‘crazy’ over Taiwan
There is one scenario in which Mr Trump has threatened to impose even higher tariffs — 150% to 200% — on Chinese goods: if China invades Taiwan, a self-ruled democracy that Beijing claims as its own.
The US does not recognise Taiwan as a country, but is its strongest backer and biggest arms provider.
Mr Trump angered Beijing in December 2016 by taking a congratulatory call from Taiwan’s then-president Tsai Ing-wen in a breach of diplomatic protocol.
No US president had spoken directly to a Taiwanese leader since Washington and Beijing established ties in 1979.
Mr Trump’s move created anxiety in China-watching circles, but ultimately, he stuck to supporting the status quo in relations between Taipei and Beijing.
China expects him to continue to do so, said Zhu Feng, dean of the School of International Relations at Nanjing University.
Pedestrians and cyclists wait to cross a traffic junction near a advertisement for iPhones in Beijing (Ng Han Guan/AP)
“Will (he) want to turn to support Taiwan independence? It is unlikely,” he said.
As for China’s repeated threats to annex Taiwan, Mr Trump told The Wall Street Journal last month that he would not have to use military force to prevent a blockade of Taiwan because Mr Xi “respects me and he knows I’m (expletive) crazy”.
On the campaign trail, Mr Trump sometimes talked up his personal connection with Mr Xi, which started exuberantly during his first term but soured over disputes about trade and the origins of the Covid-19 pandemic.
But Mr Trump has also said that Taiwan should pay the US for defending it against China, likening the relationship to insurance.
Taiwan spends about 2.5% of its GDP on defence, and purchased hundreds of millions of dollars’ worth of US weapons this year.
In a congratulatory message to Mr Trump after his victory, Mr Xi called for the US and China to manage their differences and get along in a new era, according to Chinese state media.
History has shown that both sides gain from cooperation and lose from confrontation, Mr Xi said.
Mr Trump has purposely maintained a sense of uncertainty in his relationship with China, said Da Wei, director of the Centre for International Security and Strategy at Tsinghua University in Beijing.
“We are clear about the challenges,” he said. “As for opportunities, we are yet to see them clearly.”
– Disputes over chips
During his first term, Trump began targeting Chinese technology firms over security concerns, focusing on large companies like the telecoms giant Huawei.
Mr Biden continued in that direction by placing curbs on China’s access to advanced semiconductors, which are needed to develop strategic industries such as artificial intelligence.
But Mr Trump has criticised Mr Biden’s Chips and Science Act, a bipartisan bill that earmarked 53 billion dollars to build up domestic manufacturing of semiconductors.
Currently, Taiwan produces nearly 90% of the world’s supply of the most advanced chips.
The island’s largest semi-conductor manufacturer, TSMC, expanded production in Arizona, partly to respond to the Chips Act, and to be prepared to withstand any other protectionist policies in the US, said Shihoko Goto, director of the Indo-Pacific Program at the Wilson Centre.
Trump has promised to do away with the Chips Act, though critics say that would undermine his campaign to reindustrialise the US. The president-elect has also accused Taiwan of “stealing” the chip industry from the US decades ago.
“Rather than providing a silicon shield, Taiwan’s dominance in the chip industry could actually be the source of tension between Taipei and Trump, as Taiwan’s successes in the chip sector may be seen as having only been possible as a result of the United States being taken advantage of,” Mr Goto said.