Five years after Iran shot down an airliner packed with Canadians, victims’ relatives are still struggling to obtain justice from the country – and may have to wait years longer still.
Flight PS752 crashed on Jan. 8, 2020, minutes after taking off from Tehran’s international airport on its way to Kiev, targeted by two Iranian missiles. The 158 dead included 55 Canadian citizens, 30 permanent residents and dozens more flying back to Canada, via Ukraine, to resume studies.
The Canadian government says it will likely take “several years” to resolve its cases challenging Iran at two United Nations agencies. And even if the organizations rule against Tehran, it’s unclear whether it will abide by those decisions.
Meanwhile, lawyers have made no progress in enforcing separate, Ontario court judgments that ordered the Islamic Republic to pay victims $250 million in damages.
Yet another lawsuit won a little-noticed ruling seven months ago against Ukraine International Airlines – which operated the destroyed plane – for negligence in allowing it to fly that day.
And an unusual legal battle between grieving relatives has ended, with a judge fully exonerating their association of allegations of improper conduct.
Despite the drawn-out process of trying to hold Iran to account, the Association of Families of Flight PS752 Victims says it stands by the effort by Canada and other countries to take the Middle-East power to the International Court of Justice (ICJ). The group has launched its own case in the ICJ as well.
“This is a huge feat … to bring the Iranian regime to an international court,” said spokesman Kourosh Doustshenas. “They have done God knows what over the years, so many criminal acts … but they have never been brought to any justice.”
“Nothing can bring our loved ones back. But there are things we can do to seek justice for them.”
However, lawyer Mark Arnold, who handled the Ontario lawsuits on behalf of nine families, questioned whether the United Nations bodies’ deliberations will ever amount to much.
“It is a long, long, long process that rarely does provide justice for people,” he argued.
Meanwhile, Arnold says he’s still haunted by an anonymous phone call he received from Tehran, the caller claiming to be a high-ranking military officer. The man said top Iranian leaders met six hours before the flight and approved its shooting down. The lawyer says he has no way to corroborate the report.
Iranian authorities initially blamed the accident on mechanical failures and began bulldozing the evidence-rich crash site. Under pressure, it eventually admitted the plane was targeted with two air-defence missiles, but called the incident a terrible mistake. Iran had just fired missiles at U.S. military bases in Iraq, and was expecting American retaliation
Family members and some other observers are skeptical, arguing that the shoot-down was likely intentional, noting for instance that a number of other planes left safely around the same time.
Some of the Canadian relatives launched a lawsuit in the Ontario Superior Court, winning a “default” judgement – Iran did not mount a defence — that asserted Iran did deliberately target the jet. A later ruling added more plaintiffs, with damages totalling $250 million.
But courts refused to order Iran’s former embassy and other property in Ottawa to be seized as partial payment. Arnold said he knows anecdotally that Iran has laundered money here but needs funding to research where to find it.
An International co-ordination and response coalition including Canada, Sweden, Ukraine and the United Kingdom, meanwhile, pushed Iran to engage in talks over compensation, demanding reparation, an apology and openness about how exactly the plane met its end. But Tehran refused to negotiate. The coalition finally launched the ICJ case in July of 2023.
It’s a lugubrious process. The coalition submitted its legal brief – called a “memorial” — in October but Iran has a year to respond.
The same coalition has also appealed to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) – another, Montreal-based UN agency that governs air transport.
“Canada anticipates these cases will continue to progress according to the timelines set by the respective international bodies and will likely take several years before a resolution is reached,” says a Global Affairs Canada article.
It was partly a clash over how to make Iran accountable – by civil courts in Canada it ignores or an international justice system with mixed results – that helped lead to another legal clash two years ago – involving the PS752 Association itself.
In a court application handled by Arnold, the victims who were plaintiffs in the lawsuit against Iran accused the group of mishandling donations, and asked in part that members vote on whether to provide funding to hunt for Iranian assets to seize.
Justice Eugenia Papageorgiou dismissed the entire application in a ruling last month, saying there was no evidence of the kind of impropriety alleged.
She quoted from an association affidavit: “As expected with a group the size of the Association, all of whom are grieving the senseless loss of a close relative, there can be disagreements and disputes about how best to achieve its purposes.”
Doustshenas said the association racked up nearly $100,000 in legal bills defending against the application and still doesn’t understand why some families decided to take the group to court.
“Instead of joining hands and fighting the Iranian regime, they are doing all sorts of other things.”
Arnold, on the other hand, said he was “taken aback” by the ruling, feeling it was contrary to the evidence presented.
In another judgment, issued in June of last year, Ontario Superior Court Justice Jasmine Akrabali ruled that Ukraine International had failed to prove it was not itself negligent in the crash, given that it allowed the plane to take off despite the heightened military tensions in the area.
If upheld on appeal, the decision means families could sue for an unlimited amount of damages, not just the set sum that ICAO rules require airlines to pay after any fatal crash.
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