Did you know the Trudeau government wants to “decarbonize” Canada’s electricity generation by 2035? That is, make carbon-free sources (e.g. wind, hydro and solar) the sole power source for electricity generation in Canada.
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Is this possible? No.
As of 2023 (the latest year of available data), nearly 81% of Canada’s electricity came from carbon-free sources. Canada would need to add a massive amount of generation capacity to replace the remaining 19% that relies on fossil fuels over the next 10 years.
Specifically, we would need approximately 23 new large hydroelectric dams similar in size to British Columbia’s Site C project. Of course, due to regulatory hurdles and approval processes, it takes a long time to plan and construct major electricity generation facilities in Canada. The Site C project took approximately 43 years (from initial feasibility and planning studies in 1971) to secure environmental certification in 2014. Construction finally began on the Peace River in northern B.C. in 2015 with completion expected in 2025 — at a cost of at least $16 billion.
Alternatively, we would need more than two large-scale nuclear power plants the size of Ontario’s Bruce Power, which took nearly two decades to complete with billions of dollars in cost overruns.
Or we’d need approximately 11,000 new large wind turbines, which would require clearing approximately 7,302 square kilometres of land (larger than Prince Edward Island and nearly nine times larger than Calgary). The new turbines would also require substantial investments in backup power systems due to the wind’s intermittency, which would further drive up costs across the electricity system.
And remember, as Canada’s population grows, electricity demand will increase significantly. The infrastructure mentioned above would only decarbonize Canada’s current electricity needs, without accounting for the additional capacity required to meet future demand.
And yet, despite its aggressive plan to decarbonize, the Trudeau government in 2019 introduced the Impact Assessment Act (IAA) — also known as Bill C-69 — which added layers of uncertainty and complexity to project reviews. A recent report by the Canada West Foundation, which analyzed 25 major projects that entered the federal government’s review process between 2019 and 2023, found all 25 were still stuck in the early stages (Phase 1 or 2) of the four-phase process.
In other words, while Ottawa’s electricity decarbonization plan requires an unprecedented wave of new energy projects, the government’s regulatory regime will make it harder for new projects to get off the ground.
The total costs of the federal government’s plan are incalculable. But we do know who will get hurt the most. Three provinces — Alberta, Saskatchewan and Nova Scotia — depend most heavily on fossil fuels to generate electricity. In Alberta, approximately 85% of electricity comes from fossil fuels, mainly natural gas, while carbon-free sources generate only 15%. Clearly, Alberta and these other provinces will face the greatest challenges — and heaviest burdens — in decarbonizing their grids.
In light of the basic realities of project construction timelines, regulatory hurdles and the massive financial investment required, the Trudeau government’s target to achieve 100% fossil fuel-free electricity by 2035 is far-fetched. But the costs of pursuing that target will be very real and felt by all Canadians, with the size of the costs depending largely on where you live.
— Elmira Aliakbari is director of natural resources studies, Tegan Hill is director of Alberta policy, and Jock Finlayson is a senior fellow at the Fraser Institute.