A new law has been proposed to legalise assisted dying in England and Wales.
Here, the PA news agency takes a look at the details of the Terminally Ill Adults (End of Life) Bill.
– What is assisted dying?
Campaigners outside Parliament ahead of a debate on assisted dying earlier this year (Samuel Montgomery/PA)
This, and the language used, varies depending on who you ask.
Pro-change campaigners Dignity In Dying say that assisted dying allows a person with a terminal condition the choice to control their death.
Campaign group Care Not Killing uses the terms “assisted suicide” and “euthanasia”, and argues that the focus should be on “promoting more and better palliative care” rather than any law change.
– What is the current law?
Some campaigners have been calling for a change in the law on assisted dying (Jonathan Brady/PA)
Assisted suicide is banned in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, with a maximum prison sentence of 14 years.
In Scotland, it is not a specific criminal offence but assisting the death of someone can leave a person open to being charged with murder or other offences.
– What is happening at Westminster?
A report by a committee of MPs at Westminster said legalisation in at least one jurisdiction is looking ‘increasingly likely’ (Kirsty O’Connor/PA)
Labour MP Kim Leadbeater formally introduced her Bill to give choice at the end of life for the terminally ill in October.
A debate and first vote are expected to take place on November 29.
If the Bill passes the first stage in the Commons, it will go to committee stage where MPs can table amendments, before facing further scrutiny and votes in both the House of Commons and the House of Lords, meaning any change in the law would not be agreed until next year at the earliest.
Ms Leadbeater’s Bill would apply only to England and Wales.
– What is in the Bill?
Labour MP Kim Leadbeater has introduced an assisted dying Bill to the Commons (Stefan Rousseau/PA)
There are several requirements for someone to be eligible under the proposed law.
The person must be an adult, aged 18 or older, resident in England and Wales for 12 months and registered with a GP.
They must have the mental capacity to make a choice about the end of their life and be deemed to have expressed a clear, settled and informed wish, free from coercion or pressure, to end their life.
They must be terminally ill and be expected to die within six months.
They must make two separate declarations, witnessed and signed, about their wish to die.
The process must involve two independent doctors being satisfied the person is eligible.
They can consult a specialist in the person’s condition and get an assessment from an expert in mental capacity if deemed necessary.
A High Court judge must hear from at least one of the doctors regarding the application and can also question the dying person as well as anyone else they consider appropriate.
There must be at least seven days between the two doctors making their assessments and a further 14 days after the judge has made a ruling, for the person to have a period of reflection on their decision.
For someone whose death is expected imminently, the 14-day period could be reduced to 48 hours.
– What safeguards are there?
A person guilty of coercing someone to end their life could face a jail sentence of up to 14 years (Alamy/PA)
It would be illegal for someone to pressure, coerce or use dishonesty to get someone to make a declaration that they wish to end their life or to induce someone to self-administer an approved substance.
If someone is found guilty of either of these actions, they could face a jail sentence of up to 14 years.
– When would any new law come into effect?
Ms Leadbeater has suggested a new law would not take effect for another two to three years, with “even more consultation to make sure we get it right” once legislation was passed.
– Would doctors have to take part in the service of assisted dying?
Doctors would not have to take part in an assisted dying service in England and Wales (Jordan Pettitt/PA)
No. Doctors would not be under any obligation to take part.
Doctors who do would have to be satisfied the person making their declaration to die has made it voluntarily and not been coerced or pressured by anyone else.
They would also be required to ensure the person is making an informed choice, including being made aware of their other treatment options such as palliative and hospice care.
Doctors would not be under a duty to raise the option of assisted dying with a patient.
The Bill states that there is nothing to stop them “exercising their professional judgment to decide if, and when, it is appropriate to discuss the matter with a person”.
– What about judges?
Hearings may be held in public (Jane Barlow/PA)
It is not thought judges would have the same right to decide whether or not to take part in the process.
High Court hearings to decide on applications could be held in public, former director of public prosecutions Sir Max Hill said.
He told reporters: “It is open for the hearing or the declaration at the end of the hearing to be in public. The clause certainly doesn’t say that it should be in private or should be exclusively behind closed doors, but I think that is actually a decision for practice directions and rules for the judges themselves to make, which is in common with so many other forms of legislation.”
– Who would administer the medication?
The dying person must take the medication themselves.
No doctor or anyone else can give the medication to the terminally ill person.
It has been suggested it might be the case a terminally ill person might be able to take such medication by pushing a button.
– How many people are likely use an assisted dying service.
Ms Leadbeater said evidence from elsewhere in the world where it is legal suggests assisted deaths account for between 0.5 and 3% of deaths.
She said it is likely take-up would be in the hundreds, rather than thousands.
– Will there be any scrutiny of how the new law operates?
The chief medical officers in England and Wales and the Health Secretary would be required to monitor and report on the operation of the law.
The Health Secretary would also be required to report on the availability, quality and distribution of appropriate health services to people with palliative care needs, including pain and symptom management, psychological support for those people and their families, and information about palliative care and how to access it.
– Has the issue been voted on at Westminster before?
Not for almost a decade. An Assisted Dying Bill, which would have allowed some terminally ill adults to ask for medical help to end their life, went before the Commons in 2015 and was rejected by MPs.
There was also a Bill proposed in the House of Lords during the 2021/2022 session which reached a second reading in the chamber, while a Westminster Hall debate on assisted dying took place in July 2022.
– Are MPs guaranteed a vote on the Bill next month?
No. Bills such as this are known as private members’ bills (PMBs) and are considered during Friday sittings.
The time available to consider them is from 9.30am until 2.30pm.
If the debate is still ongoing at 2.30pm then it is adjourned and the Bill falls to the bottom of the list, which means it is highly unlikely to make any further progress.
A closure motion can be moved to curtail the debate and force a vote. It may be moved at any time during proceedings.
On Friday sittings, an MP seeking to move such a motion tends to do so at around 1pm. If approved, the House then votes on whether or not to give the Bill a second reading.
If rejected, the House resumes the debate and the Bill is unlikely to progress.